network node

Network Node

Netzwerkelement

DICS network node

DICS Netzwerkknoten

CONTENTS C H A P T E R 1 - I N T R O D U C T I O N............................................................................9 1.1 WHAT IS EPANET ...............................................................................................................9 1.2 HYDRAULIC MODELING CAPABILITIES................................................................................9 1.3 WATER QUALITY MODELING CAPABILITIES .....................................................................10 1.4 STEPS IN USING EPANET..................................................................................................11 1.5 ABOUT THIS MANUAL .......................................................................................................11 C H A P T E R 2 -Q U I C K S T A R T T U T O R I A L..................................................13 2.1 INSTALLING EPANET........................................................................................................13 2.2 EXAMPLE NETWORK..........................................................................................................13 2.3 PROJECT SETUP..................................................................................................................15 2.4 DRAWING THE NETWORK ..................................................................................................16 2.5 SETTING OBJECT PROPERTIES............................................................................................18 2.6 SAVING AND OPENING PROJECTS ......................................................................................20 2.7 RUNNING A SINGLE PERIOD ANALYSIS..............................................................................20 2.8 RUNNING AN EXTENDED PERIOD ANALYSIS .....................................................................21 2.9 RUNNING A WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS ..........................................................................24 C H A P T E R 3 -T H E N E T W O R K M O D E L.......................................................27 3.1 PHYSICAL COMPONENTS....................................................................................................27 3.2 NON-PHYSICAL COMPONENTS...........................................................................................34 3.3 HYDRAULIC SIMULATION MODEL.....................................................................................40 3.4 WATER QUALITY SIMULATION MODEL.............................................................................41 C H A P T E R 4 -E P A N E T’ S W O R K S P A C E.....................................................47 4.1 OVERVIEW..........................................................................................................................47 4.2 MENU BAR.........................................................................................................................48 4.3 TOOLBARS..........................................................................................................................51 4.4 STATUS BAR.......................................................................................................................52 4.5 NETWORK MAP..................................................................................................................53 4.6 DATA BROWSER.................................................................................................................53 4.7 MAP BROWSER...................................................................................................................54 4.8 PROPERTY EDITOR.............................................................................................................54 4.9 PROGRAM PREFERENCES ...................................................................................................55 C H A P T E R 5 -W O R K I N G W I T H P R O J E C T S..........................................59 5.1 OPENING AND SAVING PROJECT FILES ..............................................................................59 5.2 PROJECT DEFAULTS ...........................................................................................................60 5.3 CALIBRATION DATA ..........................................................................................................62 5.4 PROJECT SUMMARY ...........................................................................................................64 C H A P T E R 6 -W O R K I N G W I T H O B J E C T S..............................................65 6.1 TYPES OF OBJECTS.............................................................................................................65 6.2 ADDING OBJECTS...............................................................................................................65 6.3 SELECTING OBJECTS ..........................................................................................................67 6.4 EDITING VISUAL OBJECTS .................................................................................................67 6.5 EDITING NON-VISUAL OBJECTS.........................................................................................74 6.6 COPYING AND PASTING OBJECTS.......................................................................................79 6.7 SHAPING AND REVERSING LINKS.......................................................................................80 6.8 DELETING AN OBJECT........................................................................................................81 6.9 MOVING AN OBJECT...........................................................................................................81 6.10 SELECTING A GROUP OF OBJECTS..................................................................................81 6.11 EDITING A GROUP OF OBJECTS......................................................................................82 C H A P T E R 7 -W O R K I N G W I T H T H E M A P .............................................83 7.1 SELECTING A MAP VIEW....................................................................................................83 7.2 SETTING THE MAP’S DIMENSIONS.....................................................................................84 7.3 UTILIZING A BACKDROP MAP............................................................................................85 7.4 ZOOMING THE MAP............................................................................................................86 7.5 PANNING THE MAP.............................................................................................................86 7.6 FINDING AN OBJECT...........................................................................................................87 7.7 MAP LEGENDS....................................................................................................................87 7.8 OVERVIEW MAP.................................................................................................................89 7.9 MAP DISPLAY OPTIONS......................................................................................................89 C H A P T E R 8 -A N A L Y Z I N G A N E T W O R K................................................93 8.1 SETTING ANALYSIS OPTIONS.............................................................................................93 8.2 RUNNING AN ANALYSIS.....................................................................................................98 8.3 TROUBLESHOOTING RESULTS............................................................................................98 C H A P T E R 9 -V I E W I N G R E S U L T S...............................................................101 9.1 VIEWING RESULTS ON THE MAP......................................................................................101 9.2 VIEWING RESULTS WITH A GRAPH ..................................................................................103 9.3 VIEWING RESULTS WITH A TABLE...................................................................................112 9.4 VIEWING SPECIAL REPORTS.............................................................................................115 C H A P T E R 10 -P R I N T I N G A N D C O P Y I N G ............................................121 10.1 SELECTING A PRINTER .................................................................................................121 10.2 SETTING THE PAGE FORMAT........................................................................................121 10.3 PRINT PREVIEW............................................................................................................122 10.4 PRINTING THE CURRENT VIEW ....................................................................................122 10.5 COPYING TO THE CLIPBOARD OR TO A FILE.................................................................123 C H A P T E R 1 1 -I M P O R T I N G A N D E X P O R T I N G..............................125 11.1 PROJECT SCENARIOS....................................................................................................125 11.2 EXPORTING A SCENARIO..............................................................................................125 11.3 IMPORTING A SCENARIO ..............................................................................................126 11.4 IMPORTING A PARTIAL NETWORK ...............................................................................126 11.5 IMPORTING A NETWORK MAP......................................................................................127 11.6 EXPORTING THE NETWORK MAP.................................................................................127 11.7 EXPORTING TO A TEXT FILE.........................................................................................128 C H A P T E R 1 2 - F R E Q U E N T L Y A S K E D Q U E S T I O N S....................131 A P P E N D I X A - U N I T S O F M E A S U R E M E N T.........................................135 A P P E N D I X B -E R R O R M E S S A G E S..............................................................137 A P P E N D I X C -C O M M A N D L I N E E P A N E T............................................139 C.1 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS.............................................................................................139 C.2 INPUT FILE FORMAT.....................................................................................................139 C.3 REPORT FILE FORMAT..................................................................................................178 C.4 BINARY OUTPUT FILE FORMAT ...................................................................................181 A P P E N D I X D - A N A L Y S I S A L G O R I T H M S.............................................187 D.1 HYDRAULICS................................................................................................................187 D.2 WATER QUALITY .........................................................................................................193 D.3 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................199 (This page intentionally left blank.) viii C H A P T E R 1 -I N T R O D U C T I O N 1.1 What is EPANET EPANET is a computer program that performs extended period simulation of hydraulic and water quality behavior within pressurized pipe networks. A network consists of pipes, nodes (pipe junctions), pumps, valves and storage tanks or reservoirs. EPANET tracks the flow of water in each pipe, the pressure at each node, the height of water in each tank, and the concentration of a chemical species throughout the network during a simulation period comprised of multiple time steps. In addition to chemical species, water age and source tracing can also be simulated. EPANET is designed to be a research tool for improving our understanding of the movement and fate of drinking water constituents within distribution systems. It can be used for many different kinds of applications in distribution systems analysis. Sampling program design, hydraulic model calibration, chlorine residual analysis, and consumer exposure assessment are some examples. EPANET can help assess alternative management strategies for improving water quality throughout a system. These can include: • altering source utilization within multiple source systems, • altering pumping and tank filling/emptying schedules, • use of satellite treatment, such as re-chlorination at storage tanks, • targeted pipe cleaning and replacement. Running under Windows, EPANET provides an integrated environment for editing network input data, running hydraulic and water quality simulations, and viewing the results in a variety of formats. These include color-coded network maps, data tables, time series graphs, and contour plots. 1.2 Hydraulic Modeling Capabilities Full-featured and accurate hydraulic modeling is a prerequisite for doing effective water quality modeling. EPANET contains a state-of-the-art hydraulic analysis engine that includes the following capabilities: • places no limit on the size of the network that can be analyzed • computes friction headloss using the Hazen-Williams, Darcy-Weisbach, or Chezy-Manning formulas • includes minor head losses for bends, fittings, etc. • models constant or variable speed pumps • computes pumping energy and cost • models various types of valves including shutoff, check, pressure regulating, and flow control valves • allows storage tanks to have any shape (i.e., diameter can vary with height) • considers multiple demand categories at nodes, each with its own pattern of time variation • models pressure-dependent flow issuing from emitters (sprinkler heads) • can base system operation on both simple tank level or timer controls and on complex rule-based controls. 1.3 Water Quality Modeling Capabilities In addition to hydraulic modeling, EPANET provides the following water quality modeling capabilities: • models the movement of a non-reactive tracer material through the network over time • models the movement and fate of a reactive material as it grows (e.g., a disinfection by-product) or decays (e.g., chlorine residual) with time • models the age of water throughout a network • tracks the percent of flow from a given node reaching all other nodes over time • models reactions both in the bulk flow and at the pipe wall • uses n-th order kinetics to model reactions in the bulk flow • uses zero or first order kinetics to model reactions at the pipe wall • accounts for mass transfer limitations when modeling pipe wall reactions • allows growth or decay reactions to proceed up to a limiting concentration • employs global reaction rate coefficients that can be modified on a pipe-by-pipe basis • allows wall reaction rate coefficients to be correlated to pipe roughness • allows for time-varying concentration or mass inputs at any location in the network • models storage tanks as being either complete mix, plug flow, or two-compartment reactors. By employing these features, EPANET can study such water quality phenomena as: • blending water from different sources • age of water throughout a system • loss of chlorine residuals • growth of disinfection by-products • tracking contaminant propagation events. 1.4 Steps in Using EPANET One typically carries out the following steps when using EPANET to model a water distribution system: 1 Draw a network representation of your distribution system (see Section 6.1) or import a basic description of the network placed in a text file (see Section 11.4). 2 Edit the properties of the objects that make up the system (see Section 6.4) 3 Describe how the system is operated (see Section 6.5) 4 Select a set of analysis options (see Section 8.1) 5 Run a hydraulic/water quality analysis (see Section 8.2) 6 View the results of the analysis (see Chapter 9). 1.5 About This Manual Chapter 2 of this manual describes how to install EPANET and offers up a quick tutorial on its use. Readers unfamiliar with the basics of modeling distribution systems might wish to review Chapter 3 first before working through the tutorial. Chapter 3 provides background material on how EPANET models a water distribution system. It discusses the behavior of the physical components that comprise a distribution system as well as how additional modeling information, such as time variations and operational control, are handled. It also provides an overview of how the numerical simulation of system hydraulics and water quality performance is carried out. Chapter 4 shows how the EPANET workspace is organized. It describes the functions of the various menu options and toolbar buttons, and how the three main windows – the Network Map, the Browser, and the Property Editor—are used. Chapter 5 discusses the project files that store all of the information contained in an EPANET model of a distribution system. It shows how to create, open, and save these files as well as how to set default project options. It also discusses how to register calibration data that are used to compare simulation results against actual measurements. Chapter 6 describes how one goes about building a network model of a distribution system with EPANET. It shows how to create the various physical objects (pipes, pumps, valves, junctions, tanks, etc.) that make up a system, how to edit the properties of these objects, and how to describe the way that system demands and operation change over time. Chapter 7 explains how to use the network map that provides a graphical view of the system being modeled. It shows how to view different design and computed parameters in color-coded fashion on the map, how to re-scale, zoom, and pan the map, how to locate objects on the map, and what options are available to customize the appearance of the map. Chapter 8 shows how to run a hydraulic/water quality analysis of a network model. It describes the various options that control how the analysis is made and offers some troubleshooting tips to use when examining simulation results. Chapter 9 discusses the various ways in which the results of an analysis can be viewed. These include different views of the network map, various kinds of graphs and tables, and several different types of special reports. Chapter 10 explains how to print and copy the views discussed in Chapter 9. Chapter 11 describes how EPANET can import and export project scenarios. A scenario is a subset of the data that characterizes the current conditions under which a pipe network is being analyzed (e.g., consumer demands, operating rules, water quality reaction coefficients, etc.). It also discusses how to save a project’s entire database to a readable text file and how to export the network map to a variety of formats. Chapter 12 answers questions about how EPANET can be used to model special kinds of situations, such as modeling pneumatic tanks, finding the maximum flow available at a specific pressure, and modeling the growth of disinfection by-products. The manual also contains several appendixes. Appendix A provides a table of units of expression for all design and computed parameters. Appendix B is a list of error message codes and their meanings that the program can generate. Appendix C describes how EPANET can be run from a command line prompt within a DOS window, and discusses the format of the files that are used with this mode of operation. Appendix D provides details of the procedures and formulas used by EPANET in its hydraulic and water quality analysis algorithms. C H A P T E R 2 -Q U I C K S T A R T T U T O R I A L This chapter provides a tutorial on how to use EPANET. If you are not familiar with the components that comprise a water distribution system and how these are represented in pipe network models you might want to review the first two sections of Chapter 3 first. 2.1 Installing EPANET EPANET Version 2 is designed to run under the Windows 95/98/NT operating system of an IBM/Intel-compatible personal computer. It is distributed as a single file, en2setup.exe, which contains a self-extracting setup program. To install EPANET: 1. Select Run from the Windows Start menu. 2. Enter the full path and name of the en2setup.exe file or click the Browse button to locate it on your computer. 3. Click the OK button type to begin the setup process. The setup program will ask you to choose a folder (directory) where the EPANET files will be placed. The default folder is c:Program FilesEPANET2. After the files are installed your Start Menu will have a new item named EPANET 2.0. To launch EPANET simply select this item off of the Start Menu, then select EPANET 2.0 from the submenu that appears. (The name of the executable file that runs EPANET under Windows is epanet2w.exe.) Should you wish to remove EPANET from your computer, you can use the following procedure: 1. Select Settings from the Windows Start menu. 2. Select Control Panel from the Settings menu. 3. Double-click on the Add/Remove Programs item. 4. Select EPANET 2.0 from the list of programs that appears. 5. Click the Add/Remove button. 2.2 Example Network In this tutorial we will analyze the simple distribution network shown in Figure 2.1 below. It consists of a source reservoir (e.g., a treatment plant clearwell) from which water is pumped into a two-loop pipe network. There is also a pipe leading to a storage tank that floats on the system. The ID labels for the various components are shown in the figure. The nodes in the network have the characteristics shown in Table 2.1. Pipe properties are listed in Table 2.2. In addition, the pump (Link 9) can deliver 150 ft of head at a flow of 600 gpm, and the tank (Node 8) has a 60-ft diameter, a 3.5-ft water level, and a maximum level of 20 feet. Figure 2.1 Example Pipe Network Table 2.1 Example Network Node Properties Node Elevation (ft) Demand (gpm) 1 700 0 2 700 0 3 710 150 4 700 150 5 650 200 6 700 150 7 700 0 8 830 0 Table 2.2 Example Network Pipe Properties 2.3 Project Setup Our first task is to create a new project in EPANET and make sure that certain default options are selected. To begin, launch EPANET, or if it is already running select File >> New (from the menu bar) to create a new project. Then select Project >> Defaults to open the dialog form shown in Figure 2.2. We will use this dialog to have EPANET automatically label new objects with consecutive numbers starting from 1 as they are added to the network. On the ID Labels page of the dialog, clear all of the ID Prefix fields and set the ID Increment to 1. Then select the Hydraulics page of the dialog and set the choice of Flow Units to GPM (gallons per minute). This implies that US Customary units will be used for all other quantities as well (length in feet, pipe diameter in inches, pressure in psi, etc.). Also select Hazen-Williams (H-W) as the headloss formula. If you wanted to save these choices for all future new projects you could check the Save box at the bottom of the form before accepting it by clicking the OK button. Figure 2.2 Project Defaults Dialog Next we will select some map display options so that as we add objects to the map, we will see their ID labels and symbols displayed. Select View >> Options to bring up the Map Options dialog form. Select the Notation page on this form and check the settings shown in Figure 2.3 below. Then switch to the Symbols page and check all of the boxes. Click the OK button to accept these choices and close the dialog. Finally, before drawing our network we should insure th

EPANET)

a network node equipped to interface with another network is known as a Gateway

ein Netzwerkknoten versehen, um mit einem anderen Netzwerk-Schnittstelle als Gateway,

Each network node is allocated to one or more additional network nodes.

Jedem Netzwerkknoten ist ein oder mehrere andere Netzwerkknoten zugeordnet.

Specify ENGINE_CONTROL as selected network node

Geben ENGINE_CONTROL ausgewählte Netzwerkknoten

network node

Netzwerkknoten

PROGRESSIVE AND DISTRIBUTED REGULATION OF SELECTED NETWORK TRAFFIC DESTINED FOR A NETWORK NODE

PROGRESSIVE UND VERTEILTE REGULIERUNG DES SELEKTIERTEN NETZVERKEHR FÜR EIN NETZKNOT