linear system of equations

The step-change response reaches its turning point WP at the moment From the characteristic curves of the step-change response, rise time ta is determined as and delay time tu as From this, after the insertion of f, the following is obtained: In order that this non-linear system of equations be able to be solved for T2 and f, the exponential functions must be approximated using linear approximations that yield good results at least for the practically relevant range 2<f<20.

In Phase 1, die bis zum Zeitpunkt t reicht, wird eine Stellgröße y = 0 an den Prozeß P angelegt.